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RELATIONSHIPS: Types of Relationships

RELATIONSHIPS: Types of Relationships PATERNITY AND MATERNITY Paternity   and   maternity   tests   compare   a   child   to   an   alleged   father   or   mother.   Usually   only   the potential   parent   and   child   are   tested   and   return   a   conclusive   result.   In   rare   cases,   the   other   parent may   need   to   be   included   due   to   a   mutation   which   brings   the   calculated   likelihood   below   our conclusive threshold. For information about paternity testing on an unborn child, please visit our Prenatal  page. GRANDPATERNITY Grandpaternity   tests   are   conducted   when   the   potential   parent   is   unavailable,   but   the   potential parent’s family still wishes to establish a biological relationship. Grandpaternity   can   be   tested   using   one   or   both   grandparents;   however,   if   only   one   grandparent is   involved,   it   is   strongly   recommended   that   the   known   parent   of   the   child   be   tested   as   well.   Due to   the   degree   of   genetic   separation   in   this   type   of   relationship,   grandpaternity   tests   to   a   single potential   grandparent   without   the   known   parent   frequently   return   inconclusive   results.   Testing the known parent will help to make the results more conclusive. SIBLINGSHIP Siblingship   tests   can   determine   if   potential   siblings   share   one   or   both   parents.   GenQuest   can   test for   a   half   sibling   relationship,   wherein   the   participants   would   share   a   single   parent,   or   for   a   full sibling relationship, wherein the participants would share both parents. Siblingship    tests,    and    especially    half    siblingships,    will    often    return    inconclusive    results.    To determine   a   more   conclusive   probability   between   potential   siblings,   at   least   one   parent   should   be tested as well. If a parent is not involved in the test, the testing may not confirm the relationship. AVUNCULAR Avuncular   tests   are   conducted   between   a   child   and   a   potential   parent’s   sibling   (the   alleged   aunt or   uncle   of   the   child).   Due   to   the   degree   of   genetic   separation   in   this   type   of   relationship, avuncular    tests    without    the    child’s    known    parent    frequently    return    inconclusive    results. Therefore,    it    is    strongly    recommended    to    include    the    child’s    known    parent    in    these    tests. However,   if   the   potential   relations   are   male   and   possibly   related   along   the   same   male   lineage,   the participants may also benefit from Y-STR testing. Visit our Y-STR Testing   page for details.